BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU5 JADUAL EDITED

 

MINGGU 5

TERJEMAHAN JADUAL

Struktur Makro Makna global daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati daripada topik/tema suatu teks

Superstruktur Kerangka suatu teks seperti bahagian pendahuluan, isi, penutup dan kesimpulan

Struktur Mikro Makna lokal daripada suatu teks yang dapat diamati Daripada pilihan kata, kalimat dan gaya yang dipakai oleh suatu teks

 

Rajah 1: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh vanDijk (1977)

 

Macro Structure Global meaning of a replaceable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructure A frame of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion

Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a replaceable text From the choice of words, formats and styles worn by a text

 

Rajah 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by vanDijk (1977)

 

Macro Structure Global meaning of a observable replaceable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructure A framework of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion

Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a observablereplaceable text From the choice of words, sentencesformats and styles worn by a text

 

Figure Rajah 1: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse Analysis by vanDijk (1977)

 

Macro Structure Global meaning of a observable text from a text topic/theme

Superstructure A framework of a text such as the advance section, content, cover and conclusion

Micro Structure The meaning of the locality of a observable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles worn by a text

 

Figure 1: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by vanDijk (1977)

 

Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis (Fairclough, 1995)
Analisis Tekstual   Tatabahasa ·      Tema   Leksikal ·      Metafora   Kohesi ·      Pengulangan ·      Konjunsi	Analisis Wacana Praktis   Intertektualiti ·      Pra-andaian ·      Metawacana ·      Penafian   Interdiskusi ·      Naratif ·      Perbahasan ·      Ekspositori ·      Luahan (expressive)	Analisis Praktis Sosial   Ekonomi Pendidikan Politik

 

Rajah 2: Teori Analisis Wacana Kritis oleh Fairclough (1995)

 

 

 

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·      Themes   Lexical ·      Metaphors   Cohesion ·      Repetition ·      Conjunctions	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertektuality ·      Pre-assumptions ·      Metawacana ·      Disclaimer   Interdiscusation ·      Narrative ·      Debate ·      Expository ·      Expressive	Practical Social Analysis   Economic Education Political

 

Rajah 2: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse by Fairclough (1995)

 

 

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·      Themes   Lexical ·      Metaphors   Cohesion ·      Repetition ·      Conjugationnctions	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertecktuality ·      Pre-assumptions ·      Meta Discoursewacana ·      Disclaimer   Interdiscuseation ·      Narrative ·      Debate ·      Expository ·      Expressive	Practical Social Analysis   Economic Education Political

 

FigureRajah 2: The Theory of Analysis of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)

 

Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995)
Textual Analysis   Grammar ·      Themes   Lexical ·      Metaphors   Cohesion ·      Repetition ·      Conjugation	Practical Discourse Analysis   Intertectuality ·      Pre-assumptions ·      Meta Discourse ·      Disclaimer   Interdiscuse ·      Narrative ·      Debate ·      Expository ·      Expressive	Practical Social Analysis   Economic Education Political

 

Figure 2: Theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)

 

 

 

STRATEGI KESOPANAN
Bald on-record   Contoh: Bersedia! Dengar sini…. Berikan saya bakul besar itu. Lampu itu berwarna hijau. Jemput masuk. Jemput makan.	Kesopanan Positif   Contoh: Kamu nampak sugul. Boleh saya tolong? Boleh saya pinjam seratus ringgit? Saya ikut kamu ke hospital, jika kamu tidak keberatan.
Kesopanan Negatif   Mungkin dia yang mengambil kotak itu, mungkin! Tolong berikan saya pinggan putih itu. Kalau begitu, sedikit arahan tidak diperlukan? Membuang botol kosong merata-rata tidak dibenarkan.	Off-record   Wah, semakin sejuk dalam bilik ini. Mahal betul harga kasut di sini. Cantik baju kamu.

 

Rajah 3: Strategi Kesopanan oleh Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

 

 

DECENCY STRATEGY
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Invite in. Invite meals.	Positive Decency   Example: You see sugul. Can I Please? Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I follow you to the hospital, if you do not Mind.
Negative Decency   Maybe he who took that box, may be! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Removing empty bottles everywhere is not Allowed.	Off-record   Yeah, the cooler in this room. Expensively correct shoe prices here. Beautiful your shirt.

 

Figure 3: Decency Strategy by Brown * Levinson (1987)

 

DECENCY STRATEGY
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Invite in. Invite meals.	Positive Decency   Example: You look sadsee sugul. Can I helpPlease? Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I follow you to the hospital, if you do not mMind.
Negative Decency   Maybe he who took that box, may be! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Removing empty bottles everywhere is not aAllowed.	Off-record   Yeah, gettingthe cooler in this room. Expensive rightly correct price shoe prices here. Beautiful Yyour  clothes are beautifulshirt.

 

Figure 3: Decency Strategy by Brown &* Levinson (1987)

 

 

DECENCY STRATEGY
Bald on-record   Example: Ready! Listen here.... Give me that big basket. The light is green. Invite in. Invite meals.	Positive Decency   Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow a hundred dollars? I follow you to the hospital, if you do not mind.
Negative Decency   Maybe he who took that box, maybe! Please give me that white plate. If so, a little instruction is not required? Removing empty bottles everywhere is not allowed.	Off-record   Yeah, getting cooler in this room. Expensive right price shoes here. Your clothes are beautiful.

 

Figure 3: Decency Strategy by Brown & Levinson (1987)

 

Pendekatan Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRA-ANDAIAN 1.     Intuisi 2.     Konteks   ·       Penerimaan/ ·       Penafian ·       Keperluan ·       Perujukan ·       Anafora ·       Pengulangan ·       Kekaburan ·       Penegasan	EMOSI 1.     Positif 2.     Negatif 3.     Emosi Bercampur   ·       Perangai ·       Personaliti ·       Mood ·       Motivasi	NILAI DAN BUDAYA 1.     Diri 2.     Masyarakat 3.     Adat   ·       Jujur, ikhlas, baik hati, kasih sayang, kerajinan, kesyukuran, kesederhanaan ·       Berdikari, hemah tinggi, keberanian, kebersihan fizikal dan mental, kesantunan ·       Hormat menghormati, kerjasama, semangat bermasyarakat ·       Keadilan, kebebasan, rasional	BAHASA 1.     Bahasa pertama/ kedua/ ketiga 2.     Formal/ tidak formal 3.     Kesalahan bahasa 4.     Linguistik	INFERENS 1.     Rumusan keseluruhan 2.     Rumusan topik perbincangan 3.     Penutup kata

 

Rajah 4: Pendekatan Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 1. Intuition 2. Context   ·       Acceptance/ ·       Disclaimer ·       Requirements ·       Persuasion ·       Anafora ·       Repetition ·       Ambiguity ·       Assertion	Emotional 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions     Mixed   ·       Temperament ·       Personality ·       Mood ·       Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Customs   ·       Honestly, sincerely, kindness, love, craft,   thanksgiving,     simplicity ·       Independent, high  heaviness, courage, physical hygiene and mental, impact ·       Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·       Justice, freedom, rationality	Language 1. First language/      second/      Third 2. Formal/      do not      Formal 3. Offence Language 4. Linguistics	Inference 1. Overall      formulation 2. Summary of      discussion      topics 3. Word cover

 

Figure 4: Normaliza Discourse Analysis Approach (2018b)

 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 1. Intuition 2. Context   ·       Acceptance/ ·       Disclaimer ·       Requirements ·       Reference Persuasion ·       Anaphfora ·       Repetition ·       Ambiguity ·       Assertion	Emotional 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed     Emotions Emotions     Mixed   ·       Temperament ·       Personality ·       Mood ·       Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Customs   ·       Honestly, sincerely, kindness, love, crafts,   thanksgiving, simplicity ·       Independent, high  prudenceheaviness, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politenessimpact ·       Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·       Justice, freedom, rationality	Language 1.     First language/ second/ Third 2.     Formal/ Informal do not Formal 3.     Offence Language 4. Linguistics	Inference 1.     Overall formulation 2.     Summary of discussion topics 3. Word cover

 

Figure 4: Normaliza Discourse Analysis Approach by  Normaliza Abd Rahim (20 

 

Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b)
PRE-ASSUMPTIONS 1. Intuition 2. Context   ·       Acceptance/ ·       Disclaimer ·       Requirements ·       Reference ·       Anaphora ·       Repetition ·       Ambiguity ·       Assertion	Emotional 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Mixed     Emotions   ·       Temperament ·       Personality ·       Mood ·       Motivation	VALUES AND CULTURE 1. Self 2. Society 3. Customs   ·       Honestly, sincerely, kindness, love, crafts,   thanksgiving, simplicity ·       Independent, high  prudence, courage, physical hygiene and mental, politeness ·       Respect, cooperation, community spirit ·       Justice, freedom, rationality	Language 1. First language/      second/      Third 2. Formal/     Informal 3. Offence      Language 4. Linguistics	Inference 1. Overall      Formulation 2. Summary of      discussion      topics 3. Word cover

 

Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach by Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)

 

 

Teori Analisis Wacana (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Kandungan 1. Tema	Konteks 1. Tatabahasa 2. Latar 2. Emosi	Andaian 1. Pendapat 2. Perujukan 3. Persoalan

 

Rajah 5: Teori Analisis Wacana

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content 1. Themes	Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 2. Emotions	Assumptions 1. Opinions 2. Persuasion 3. Questions

 

Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content 1. Themes	Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 2. Emotions	Assumptions 1. Opinions 2. ReferencePersuasion 3. Questions

 

Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory

 

Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d)
Content 1. Themes	Context 1. Grammar 2. Background 2. Emotions	Assumptions 1. Opinions 2. Reference 3. Questions

 

Figure 5: Discourse Analysis Theory

 

 

Jadual 2: Konteks dalam Model Penceritaan Nilai Sosial Melalui Cerita Kanak-kanak

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua rumah, sekolah termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, rindu,
Diri	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam dan luar rumah, sekolah	Gembira
Saya yang istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa
Saya Tahu	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Dalam atau luar rumah
Saya Faham	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah, sekolah ataupun di tempat awam	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Background	Grammar	Title
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house	Happy, missed
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I'm the one Exceptional	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house
I Know	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Indoor or outdoors
I Understand	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Home, school or in public places	Happy, sympathy, care

 

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Background	Grammar	Title
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house	Happy,  missedlonging
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
I'm the one ExceptionalIm The Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house
I Know	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Indoor or outdoors
I Understand	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Home, school or in public places	Happy, sympathy, care

 

 

Table 2: Context in Social Values Storytelling Model Through Children's Stories

Title	Background	Grammar	Title
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house	Happy, longing
Self	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Indoors and outdoors, schools	Happy
Im The Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house
I Know	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Indoor or outdoors
I Understand	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Home, school or in public places	Happy, sympathy, care

 

 

 

Jadual 3: Kandungan dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Teks	Tema	Sampel/Bahan	Jenis
Nenek dan Datuk	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Saya yang Istimewa	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Nenek, datuk, ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Keluarga	Cerita pendek	Kekeluargaan	Ibu, bapa, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Penceritaan
Hati	Cerita pendek	Kemasyarakatan	Ibu, cikgu, Alim, rakan- rakan	Penceritaan
Jiran	Cerita pendek	Kejiranan	ibu, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Penceritaan

 

 

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

Title	Text	Theme	Sample/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
My Special Ones	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Medina, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Heart	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbour	Short story	Neighborhood	Mother, Medina, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

 

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

Title	Text	Theme	Sample/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, MedinaMadinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
My Special OnesIm The Special One	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, MedinaMadinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, MedinaMadinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Heart	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbour	Short story	Neighbourhood	Mother, MedinaMadinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

 

Table 3: Content in Social Stories

Title	Text	Theme	Sample/Materials	Type
Grandmother and Grandfather	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Im The Special One	Short story	Family	Grandmother, grandfather, mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Family	Short story	Family	Mother, father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim	Narration
Heart	Short story	Community	Mother, teacher, Alim, friends	Narration
Neighbour	Short story	Neighbourhood	Mother, Madinah, Imran, Aisyah, Sulaiman, Alim	Narration

 

 

Jadual 4: Konteks dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul	Tatabahasa	Latar	Emosi
Nenek dan Datuk	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Kampung nenek dan datuk	Gembira, rindu, sedih, marah, keliru, puas hati
Saya yang Istimewa	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, puas hati, sedih
Keluarga	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu dan bapa	Gembira, resah
Hati	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Sekolah, rumah, jiran	Gembira
Jiran	Penggunaan kata dan ayat yang mudah dan sesuai untuk semua termasuk kanak-kanak istimewa	Rumah ibu bapa dan jiran	Gembira, simpati, ambil berat, sedih

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Grandparent village and grandparents	Happy, missed, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
Im Special	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father's house	Happy, restless
Heart	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Schools, homes, Neighbors	Happy
Neighbour	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Parent's house and neighbours	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Grandparent village and grandparentsGrandparents’ house	Happy, missedlonging, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
Im SpecialIm The Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father'sParents’ house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Mother and father'sParent’s house	Happy, restless
Heart	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Schools, homes, NeighborsNeighbours	Happy
Neighbour	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Parent's Parents’ house and neighbours	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

 

Table 4: Context in Social Stories

Title	Grammar	Background	Emotion
Grandmother and Grandfather	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Grandparents’ house	Happy, longing, sad, angry, confused, satisfied
Im The Special One	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Parents’ house	Happy, satisfied, sad
Family	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Parent’s house	Happy, restless
Heart	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Schools, homes, Neighbours	Happy
Neighbour	Easy and suitable use of words and verses for all including privileged children	Parents’ house and neighbours	Happy, sympathy, caring, sad

 

 

Jadual 5: Senarai Nilai Sosial dalam Cerita Sosial

Judul Cerita Sosial	Nilai Sosial
Nenek dan Datuk	Kasih sayang, ambil berat, rasional, tanggungjawab, ikhlas, jujur, baik hati, kekeluargaan, sabar
Saya yang Istimewa	Baik hati, ikhlas, tolong menolong, ambil berat, tanggungjawab
Keluarga Saya	Baik hati, sabar, tolong menolong, ikhlas, ambil berat, rajin, usaha, tanggungjawab, rasional
Hati	Baik hati, kasih sayang, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, berkongsi, berterima kasih, hormat menghormati, rajin
Jiran	Baik hati, tanggungjawab, kasih sayang, rasional, ambil berat, ikhlas, jujur, yakin, kejiranan

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, to be honest, kindness, family, patience
My Special	Kindness, sincere, help, take care, responsibility
Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Heart	Kindness, love, caring, sincere, honesty, sharing, grateful love, respect, hardworking
Neighbour	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care, sincerely, honest, confident, neighbourhood

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, to be honest, kindness, family, patience
My SpecialIm The Special One	Kindness, sincere, helpful, take carecaring, responsibility
Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Heart	Kindness, love, caring, sincere, honesty, sharing, grateful lovethankful, respect, hardworking
Neighbour	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, care,caring, sincerely, honest, confident, neighbourhood

 

 

Table 5: List of Social Values in Social Stories

Title	Social Values
Grandmother and Grandfather	Love, care, rationality, responsibility, sincerely, to be honest, kindness, family, patience
Im The Special One	Kindness, sincere, helpful, caring, responsibility
Family	Kindness, patient, help, sincere, caring, hardworking, effort, responsibility, rationality
Heart	Kindness, love, caring, sincere, honesty, sharing, thankful, respect, hardworking
Neighbour	Kindness, responsibility, love, rationality, caring, sincerely, honest, confident, neighbourhood

 

Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Strategi Pengelakan atau Pengurangan

1. Pengabaian/Peninggalan mesej 2. Pengelakan topik

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies Pencapaian atau Strategi Pampasan

3. Parafrasa (Circumlocution)   4. Penghampiran   5. Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan   6. Cipta perkataan baharu (Word-coinage)   7. Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa (Use of non       linguistic means)   8. Terjemahan literal   9. Pengantarabangsaan 10. Pertukaran kod   11. Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat tekaan/        Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu

12. Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/Use of fillers/strategi penanda       (hesitation devices)

 

Rajah 7: Taksonomi Strategi Komunikasi oleh Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Ignition or Reduction Strategy

1. Omission/Omission of messages 2. Elactiation of topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)   4. Apprehension   5. Use of all-purpose words   6. Create new words (Word-coinage)   7. Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic means   8. Literal translation   9. Internationalization   10. Code change   11. Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses/ Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of words without meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Rajah 7: Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Ignition or Reduction Strategy

1. Omission/Omission of messages 2. Elactiation of topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)   4. Apprehension   5. Use of all-purpose words   6. Create new words (Word-coinage)   7. Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic means   8. Literal translation   9. Internationalization   10. Code change   11. Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses/         Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of words without meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Rajah 7: Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

Ignition or Reduction Strategy

1. Omission/Omission of messages 2. Elactiation of topics

Achievement or Compensatory Strategies

3. Paraphrasing (Circumlocution)   4. Apprehension   5. Use of all-purpose words   6. Create new words (Word-coinage)   7. Restructuring/Use of non-linguistic means   8. Literal translation   9. Internationalization   10. Code change   11. Request help, explanation, confirmation or make guesses/         Appeal for help Stalling

Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies

12. Use of words without meaning/Use of fillers/marker strategy (hesitation devices)

 

Rajah 7: Taxonomy of Communication Strategies by Dornyei & Scott (1997)

 

 

     RUMUSAN

Jadual 6: Strategi Komunikasi

	Strategi Komunikasi	Frekuensi
1	Singkatan	15
2	Perkataan baharu tiada makna	4
3	Penafian/Percanggahan	10
4	Persoalan	6
5	Pengulangan	8
6	Perujukan	13
7	Pembetulan kendiri	5
8	Topik berlainan/pengabaian mesej	4
9	Celahan	8
10	Penangguhan	6
11	Terjemahan literal	4
12	Pertukaran bahasa	4
13	Imaginasi	5
14	Kesopanan	4
15	Parafrasa	4
16	Meminta pertolongan	4

 

 

    RUMUSAN

Table 6: Communication Strategy

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
1	Abbreviation	15
2	New words no meaning	4
3	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
4	Question	6
5	Repetition	8
6	Persuasion	13
7	Self-correction	5
8	Different topics/message ignorance	4
9	Interstitial	8
10	Delay	6
11	Literal translation	4
12	Language changes	4
13	Imagination	5
14	Modesty	4
15	Paraphrasing	4
16	Ask for help	4

 

   

 RUMUSAN

Table 6: Communication Strategy

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
1	Abbreviation	15
2	New words no meaning	4
3	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
4	Question	6
5	Repetition	8
6	PersuasionReference	13
7	Self-correction	5
8	Different topics/message ignorance	4
9	Interstitial	8
10	Delay	6
11	Literal translation	4
12	Language changes	4
13	Imagination	5
14	Modesty	4
15	Paraphrasing	4
16	Ask for help	4

 

    

 RUMUSAN

Table 6: Communication Strategy

	Communication Strategy	Frequency
1	Abbreviation	15
2	New words no meaning	4
3	Disclaimer/Contradictions	10
4	Question	6
5	Repetition	8
6	Reference	13
7	Self-correction	5
8	Different topics/message ignorance	4
9	Interstitial	8
10	Delay	6
11	Literal translation	4
12	Language changes	4
13	Imagination	5
14	Modesty	4
15	Paraphrasing	4
16	Ask for help	4

 

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