BBN3402SATU2020: MINGGU4 PRAKATA & BAB 1

 

M4

TERJEMAHAN PRAKATA & BAB 1

                            

PRAKATA

 

Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan. Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana. Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis. Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi. Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi. Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak. Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi. Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi

 

PROFESOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM

 

No.	Teks Asal	Mesin (Google )	Track Changes	Bersih
1.	PRAKATA   Buku "Kajian Wacana dan Strategi Komunikasi: Teori dan Aplikasi ini merupakan buku yang mengandungi teori serta diaplikasikan dalam bentuk penyelidikan.	PREFACE The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application is a book that contains theory and applied in the form of research.	PREFACE The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application is a book that contains theory and that applied in the form of research.	PREFACE The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application contains theory that applied in the form of research.
2.	Penyelidikan meliputi kajian lirik lagu, cerita, ujaran dan interaksi dalam perbualan. Buku ini mengandungi dua bahagian iaitu kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	Research includes the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Research includes the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Research includes the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies.
3.	Kedua-dua bahagian berkait rapat antara satu sama lain kerana melibatkan komunikasi ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Bab 1 mengandungi pengenalan tentang kajian wacana iaitu definisi dan konsep wacana.	Second -two parts are closely related to each other because it involves the communication of speech, interaction, text and writing.Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is the definition and concept of discourse.	Second -twoBoth parts are closely related to each other because as it involves the communication of speechspeech communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse that is; the definition and concept of discourse.	Both parts are closely related to each other as it involves the speech communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse; the definition and concept of discourse.
4.	Bab 2 pula menjelaskan tentang teori dan pendekatan wacana. Terdapat beberapa teori dan pendekatan wacana yang dibincangkan iaitu analisis wacana dan wacana kritis.	Chapter 2 explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.	Chapter 2 explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.	Chapter 2 explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and critical discourse.
5.	Bab 3 pula menganalisis tiga kajian wacana yang berkaitan dengan wacana tekstual lirik lagu, wacana tekstual cerita sosial dan wacana ujaran dalam kalangan kanak-kanak.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse, social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse, social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children.	Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse, social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children.
6.	Setiap kajian dianalisis dengan menggunakan teori dan pendekatan analisis wacana yang diperkenalkan dalam buku ini. Bab 4 mengandungi pengenalan tentang strategi komunikasi.	Each study was analyzed using discourse analysis theory and approach introduced in the book this. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication strategies.	Each study was analyzed using discourse analysis theory theories and approach approaches introduced in the book this.this book. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication strategies.	Each study was analyzed using discourse analysis theories and approaches introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication strategies.
7.	Pengenalan meliputi kajian-kajian tentang strategi komunikasi yang berkaitan dengan ujaran dan interaksi yang menggunakan strategi komunikasi. Bab 5 pula membincangkan beberapa taksonomi dan pendekatan strategi komunikasi.	The introduction covers studies on communication strategies related to utterances and interactions that use communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches.	The introduction covers covers the studies on communication strategies that are related to utterances and interactions that use apply communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches.	The introduction covers the studies on communication strategies that are related to utterances and interactions that apply communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches.
8.	Senarai taksonomi dan pendekatan serta huraian bagi setiap satu dipaparkan. Bab 6 mengandungi kajian strategi komunikasi dalam kalangan kanak-kanak..	A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each is displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.	A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each of them is were displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.	A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each of them were displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children.
9.	Interaksi dan ujaran kanak-kanak dianalisis dengan menggunakan taksonomi strategi komunikasi yang terkini. Bab 7 iaitu bab akhir mengandungi cadangan kajian mengenai kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.	Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies.
10.	Diharapkan buku ini dapat membantu penyelidik dalam membuat penelitian terhadap bentuk kajian wacana dan strategi komunikasi.   PROFESSOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting research on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.   PROFESSOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting research studies on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.   PROFESSOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM	It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting studies on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.   PROFESSOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM

 

 

PREFACE

The book "Discourse Studies and Communication Strategies: Theory and Application contains theory that applied in the form of research. Research includes the study of song lyrics, stories, utterances and interactions in conversation. This book contains two parts, namely the study of discourse and communication strategies. Both parts are closely related to each other as it involves the speech communication, interaction, text and writing. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the study of discourse; the definition and concept of discourse. Chapter 2 explains about the theory and approach of discourse. There are several theories and approaches of discourse discussed, namely discourse analysis and critical discourse. Chapter 3 analyzes three discourse studies related to song lyrics textual discourse, social story textual discourse and speech discourse among children. Each study was analyzed using discourse analysis theories and approaches introduced in this book. Chapter 4 contains introduction about communication strategies. The introduction covers the studies on communication strategies that are related to utterances and interactions that apply communication strategies. Chapter 5 discusses some taxonomies and communication strategy approaches. A list of taxonomies and approaches as well as descriptions for each of them were displayed. Chapter 6 contains a study of communication strategies among children. Children's interactions and utterances are analyzed using the latest taxonomy of communication strategies. Chapter 7 which is the final chapter contains research proposals on the study of discourse and communication strategies. It is hoped that this book can help researchers in conducting studies on the form of discourse studies and communication strategies.

 

PROFESSOR DR. NORMALIZA ABD RAHIM

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bab 1

Kajian Wacana

Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.

Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu wacana juga boleh distilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan. Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan ditahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.

Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dan pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.

 

Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.

 

Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana:

Sumber	Definisi Wacana
Edmonson (1981)	Wacana adalah satu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya
Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat)	Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca.
Stubbs (1983)	Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca.
Brown & Yule ( 1983)	Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik.
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)	Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.

 

Rumusan

Definisi wacan dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.

 

 

No.	Teks Asal	Mesin Google Translate	Track Changes	Bersih
1	BAB 1 Kajian Wacana Wacana merupakan bahasa daripada individu atau kumpulan dalam bentuk ujaran, interaksi, teks dan tulisan. Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur-unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam berkomunikasi (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Wacana didefinisikan sebagai unit bahasa yang mempunyai kesantunan fikiran dan melebihi batas ayat. Dalam hierarki bahasa, wacana terletak pada tingkat yang tertinggi, iaitu hadir selepas tingkat ayat.	CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level, i.e. present after the sentence level.	CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and it can exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level;, i.e. present after the sentence level.	CHAPTER 1 Discourse Studies Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole of language by the speaker or writer, that is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and it can exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level; present after the sentence level.
2	Wacana mengandungi sistem komunikasi antara dua atau lebih orang. Selain itu wacana juga boleh distilahkan melalui tulisan dan bacaan daripada seseorang. Namun, wacana seharusnya mengandungi ayat yang bermakna serta mengandungi situasi yang dikaitkan dengan ayat tersebut. Justeru, wacana dapat difahami dengan baik oleh seseorang. Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur suatu kesatuan, ujaran, ucapan pertuturan dan percakapan. Selain itu wacana juga dilihat dari aspek penulisan yang ditulis oleh penulis melalui buku, majalah akhbar, makalah dan segala bentuk tulisan.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and speech. Apart from that, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms of writing.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through someones’s writing and reading from someone. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences and  as well as contain situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and  talkspeech. Apart from that, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms of writing.	Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through someones’s writing and reading. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences and situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and talk. Apart from that, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms of writing.
3	Di dalam bentuk perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan, wacana dapat dikenal pasti dengan lebih baik. Seseorang individu itu mengadakan perbincangan berbentuk ilmu, pengalaman, penceritaan dan sebagainya. Kesatuan fikiran sama ada dalam bentuk lisan seperti pidato, khutbah, debat, syarahan, perbualan dan sebagainya atau tulisan seperti surat, artikel, novel, cerpen, puisi dan sebagainya dapat dilihat dan ditahami dengan lebih baik melalui pengetahuan tentang teori dan pembacaan karya yang berbentuk sastera.	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be better identified. An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and so on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and so on can be seen and understood better through knowledge of theory and reading of literary works.	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be easily better identified. Ones can An individual holds discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and others so on. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and othersso on or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and othersso on can be seen and understood easily better through knowledge of theory and reading literature. of literary works.	In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be easily identified. Ones can hold discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and others. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and others or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and others can be seen and understood easily through knowledge of theory and reading literature.
4	Hawthorn (1992) mengemukakan definisi wacana sebagai komunikasi kebahasaan yang dilihat sebagai pertukaran antara pembicara dan pendengar dengan mengambil kira tajuk perbincangan dan persekitaran. Definisi wacana dapat dilihat dan pelbagai aspek. Melalui aspek sosiologi, wacana merujuk pada hubungan konteks sosial dalam pemakaian bahasa sedangkan dari segi linguistik pula, wacana adalah unit bahasa yang lebih besar daripada kalimat. Fowler (1991) mengatakan bahawa wacana merupakan komunikasi lisan dan tulisan yang dilihat daripada titik pandangan kepercayaan, nilai dan kategori yang terdapat di dalamnya.	Hawthorn (1992) put forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication seen as an exchange between speaker and listener taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen and various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.	Hawthorn (1992) define discourseput forward the definition of discourse as linguistic communication that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by considering  taking into account the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen through many and various aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) says propose that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.	Hawthorn (1992) define discourse as linguistic communication that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by considering  the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen through many aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) propose that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.
5	Brown & Yule (1983) menegaskan bahawa wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik. Stubbs (1983) juga bersetuju dengan Brown & Yule (1983) dan menyatakan bahawa aspek linguistik harus diterapkan bagi tujuan analisis wacana.	Brown & Yule (1983) assert that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Brown & Yule (1983) asserts that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.	Brown & Yule (1983) asserts that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.
6	Berikut adalah antara beberapa definisi wacana: SUMBER: Edmonson (1981) DEFINISI WACANA: Wacana adalah satu peristiwa berstruktur yang dimanifestasikan dalam perilaku linguistik bahasa atau yang lainnya Kamus Dewan (Edisi Keempat) Wacana merupakan keseluruhan tutur yang merupakan kesatuan, ucapan, pertuturan, percakapan dan perbincangan atau pertukaran idea secara lisan. la juga merupakan kesatuan fikiran yang utuh sama ada dalam bentuk lisan ataupun tulisan.	Here are some definitions of discourse: SOURCE: Edmonson (1981) DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE: Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or another Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, speech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.	Here are some definitions of discourse: SOURCE: Edmonson (1981) DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE: Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other.another Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, talkspeech, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.	Here are some definitions of discourse: SOURCE: Edmonson (1981) DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE: Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other. Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition) Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, talk, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.
7	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) Wacana ialah keseluruhan pelahiran bahasa oleh penutur atau penulis, iaitu sistem bahasa dan unsur luar daripada sistem bahasa yang menyumbang ke arah menjadikan pertuturan atau tulisan berkenaan sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna dalam komunikasi. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Wacana adalah unit bahasa yang melebihi batas ayat iaitu boleh terdiri daripada ayat, sejumlah ayat, ceraian, bab, buku, cerita, dialog dan sebagainya yang dalamnya memperlihatkan hubungan dan perkembangan fikiran yang berturutan. Dengan perkataan lain, wacana adalah satu satuan bahasa yang lengkap.	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer, that is, the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and so on, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. It is a, that is , the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards constructing  making the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and othersso on, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.	Asmah Haji Omar (1986) Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. It is a language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards constructing the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication. Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985) Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and others, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.
8	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Wacana adalah bahasa yang dilahirkan oleh penutur atau penulis. Bahasa yang ditutur serta ditulis mengandungi makna serta difahami oleh pendengar atau pembaca. Stubbs (1983) Wacana dapat dilihat melalui sistem tutur dan tulisan, mempunyai makna serta difahami oleh pendengar dan pembaca. Brown & Yule ( 1983) Wacana boleh dilihat melalui lisan dan tulisan yang dianalisis bagi tujuan pemahaman yang lebih baik.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Discourse is the language born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and is understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and is understood by listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Discourse is the language created by born of the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and can beis understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and  is understood by listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.	Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014) Discourse is the language created by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and can be understood by the listener or reader. Stubbs (1983) Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and understood by listeners and readers. Brown & Yule (1983) Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.
9	Halliday & Hassan (1985) Wacana terdiri daripada apa jua kalimat sama ada lisan atau tulisan (tidak kira panjang atau pendek) yang mempunyai makna keseluruhan. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Wacana meliputi ujaran, interaksi, tulisan dan teks yang dianalisis bagi tujuan mencari makna tersirat dan tersurat. Wacana juga meliputi bahasa simbol, isyarat dan apa jua yang memberi makna kepada semua pihak yang terlibat.	Halliday & Hassan (1985) Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Halliday & Hassan (1985) Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (whether long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.	Halliday & Hassan (1985) Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (long or short) that has an overall meaning. Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b) Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.
10	Rumusan Definisi wacan dapat difahami dengan jelas dengan merujuk kepada wacana berbentuk teks, tulisan, ujaran dan interaksi. Adalah wajar setiap wacana difokus dan dianalisis dengan teliti supaya analisis dapat difahami dengan jelas. Pemahaman setiap wacana tersebut dilihat sebagai satu perkara yang mudah apabila seseorang itu faham akan tujuan setiap wacana yang disampaikan. Malah, akan lebih jelas lagi apabila dihuraikan dengan lebih terperinci dan teliti.	Summary The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	Summary The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is a must desirable that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.	Summary The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is a must that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 1

Discourse Studies

Discourse is the language of individuals or groups in the form of utterances, interactions, texts and writings. Discourse is the whole of language by the speaker or writer, that is the language system and elements outside the language system that contribute the speech or writing as something meaningful in communicating (Asmah Haji Omar, 1986). Discourse is defined as a unit of language that has politeness of mind and it can exceeds sentence limits. In the language hierarchy, discourse is located at the highest level; present after the sentence level.

 

Discourse contains a system of communication between two or more people. In addition, discourse can also be termed through someones’s writing and reading. However, the discourse should contain meaningful sentences and situations associated with the sentence. Thus, discourse can be well understood by one. Discourse is the whole speech of a union, utterance, speech and talk. Apart from that, discourse is also seen from the aspect of writing written by the author through books, newspaper magazines, papers and all forms of writing. In the form of verbal discussion or exchange of ideas, discourse can be easily identified. Ones can hold discussions in the form of knowledge, experience, storytelling and others. Unity of mind whether in oral form such as speeches, sermons, debates, lectures, conversations and others or writings such as letters, articles, novels, short stories, poems and others can be seen and understood easily through knowledge of theory and reading literature.

 

Hawthorn (1992) define discourse as linguistic communication that can be seen as an exchange between speaker and listener by considering the topic of discussion and the environment. The definition of discourse can be seen through many aspects. Through the sociological aspect, discourse refers to the relationship of social context in the use of language while in terms of linguistics, discourse is a unit of language that is larger than a sentence. Fowler (1991) propose that discourse is oral and written communication seen from the point of view of beliefs, values ​​and categories found in it.

Brown & Yule (1983) asserts that discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for better understanding. Stubbs (1983) also agrees with Brown & Yule (1983) and states that linguistic aspects should be applied for the purpose of discourse analysis.

 

Here are some definitions of discourse:

Source	Definition of Discourse
Edmonson (1981)	Discourse is a structured event that is manifested in the linguistic behavior of a language or other.
Board Dictionary (Fourth Edition)	Discourse is the whole of speech which is a union, speech, talk, conversation and discussion or exchange of ideas orally. It is also a whole unit of thought whether in oral or written form.
Asmah Haji Omar (1986)	Discourse is the whole birth of language by the speaker or writer. It is a language system and elements outside the language system that contribute towards constructing the speech or writing as something meaningful in communication.
Raminah Hj. Sabran & Rahim Syam (1985)	Discourse is a unit of language that exceeds the sentence limit, which can consist of sentences, a number of sentences, subdivisions, chapters, books, stories, dialogues and others, which in turn show the relationship and development of consecutive thoughts. In other words, discourse is a complete unit of language.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2014)	Discourse is the language created by the speaker or writer. The language spoken and written contains meaning and can be understood by the listener or reader.
Stubbs (1983)	Discourse can be seen through the system of speech and writing, has meaning and understood by listeners and readers.
Brown & Yule ( 1983)	Discourse can be seen through oral and written analysis for the purpose of better understanding.
Halliday & Hassan (1985)	Discourse consists of any sentence whether oral or written (long or short) that has an overall meaning.
Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)	Discourse includes utterances, interactions, writings and texts analyzed for the purpose of seeking implicit and explicit meaning. Discourse also covers the language of symbols, gestures and anything that gives meaning to all parties involved.

 

Summary

The definition of discourse can be clearly understood by referring to discourse in the form of text, writing, utterances and interactions. It is a must that each discourse be focused and analyzed carefully so that the analysis can be clearly understood. Understanding each of these discourses is seen as an easy thing when one understands the purpose of each discourse delivered. In fact, it will be even clearer when described in more detail and thoroughness.

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